Learning Objectives
1. Explain the various mechanisms the body uses to maintain homeostasis.(Ch. 11)= The systems of the body participate in maintaining homeostasis, that is, the relative constancy of the internal environment despite external environmental changes. This review offers a succinct summary of how the body's systems function and mentions various regulatory mechanisms that allow each system to contribute to homeostasis.The internal environment of the body is tissue fluid, which bathes all cells making up the body. The composition of tissue fluid must remain constant if cells are to remain alive and healthy. Tissue fluid is nourished and purified when molecules are exchanged across thin capillary walls. Tissue fluid remains constant only if the composition of blood remains constant.(http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/maderbiology/supp/homeo.html)
2. Describe the relationship between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems as it pertains to oxygen and carbon dioxide transport/exchange. (Ch. 12)= The primary function of the respiratory system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and reaches the alveoli. The layers of cells lining the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries are each only one cell thick and are in very close contact with each other. Oxygen passes quickly through this air-blood barrier into the blood in the capillaries. Similarly, carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli and is then exhaled.
(http://www.merckmanuals.com/)
3. Describe the roles of the different components of the respiratory and cardiovascular system. (Ch. 12)= The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and the approximately 5 liters of blood that the blood vessels transport. Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body, the cardiovascular system is powered by the body’s hardest working organ which is the heart, which is only about the size of a closed fist. Even at rest, the average heart easily pumps over 5 liters of blood throughout the body every minute. (http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html)
4. Diagram the flow of blood through the body. (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/1/1c/Gcsebiolcirc.gif)
2. Describe the relationship between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems as it pertains to oxygen and carbon dioxide transport/exchange. (Ch. 12)= The primary function of the respiratory system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and reaches the alveoli. The layers of cells lining the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries are each only one cell thick and are in very close contact with each other. Oxygen passes quickly through this air-blood barrier into the blood in the capillaries. Similarly, carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli and is then exhaled.
(http://www.merckmanuals.com/)
3. Describe the roles of the different components of the respiratory and cardiovascular system. (Ch. 12)= The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and the approximately 5 liters of blood that the blood vessels transport. Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body, the cardiovascular system is powered by the body’s hardest working organ which is the heart, which is only about the size of a closed fist. Even at rest, the average heart easily pumps over 5 liters of blood throughout the body every minute. (http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html)
4. Diagram the flow of blood through the body. (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/1/1c/Gcsebiolcirc.gif)
5. Explain how the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are controlled= Animals have evolved sophisticated control mechanisms enabling them to match their rates of oxygen uptake to their rates of aerobic metabolism. As the relative effectiveness of respiratory gas exchange over lungs or gills is determined not only by their physical dimensions but also by the rates and patterns of their ventilation and perfusion, it is essential that these latter components are controlled, both individually and in relation to one another. (http://physrev.physiology.org/content/79/3/855)
6. Differentiate the roles of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system in controlling bodily functions, behaviors, and actions= The peripheral nervous system (PNS) provides the connection between stimuli (either internal or external) and the central nervous system to allow the body to respond to its environment.
Source: Boundless. “The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).” Boundless Psychology. Boundless, 14 Nov. 2014. Retrieved 18 Nov. 2014 from https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/the-brain-and-behavior-4/the-nervous-system-34/the-peripheral-nervous-system-pns-148-12683/
7. Explain how the nervous system communicates and controls an organism= The nervous system allows for sensing, response, and control. Response by the nervous system is accomplished by motor control. Environmental (internal or external to the body) messages (stimuli) are received, transmitted, and interpreted by the functional unit of the nervous system the neuron. Appropriate responses are carried out by effectors (a muscle or gland). (http://www.e-missions.net/cybersurgeons/?/nerv_teacher/)
8. Describe the array of potential pathogens humans are exposed to every day= There are thousands of pathogens people face everyday but just some of them are cigarettes, bloodborne, etc.
9. Describe how an organism is able to defend itself from pathogenic organisms or other pathogenic material= The ability of a multicellular organism to defend itself against invasion by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) depends on its ability to mount immune responses. All metazoans (probably) have inborn defense mechanisms that constitute innate immunity. Vertebrates have not only innate immunity but also are able to mount defense mechanisms that constitute adaptive immunity. This table gives some of the distinguishing features of each type of immunity. (http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Innate.html)
10. Identify and describe the components of a healthy diet.
A.) Eat right which means eating all of your amino acids carbs, meat, vegatables, fruit and dairy products
B.) Exercise often
C.) Avoid fast food restaurants
D.) Have a positive attitude overall it will make you a happier and healthy person
11. Trace the path that food travels from the mouth to the bloodstream. Identify key places where nutrients are extracted http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_animdig_graphik_5.png
6. Differentiate the roles of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system in controlling bodily functions, behaviors, and actions= The peripheral nervous system (PNS) provides the connection between stimuli (either internal or external) and the central nervous system to allow the body to respond to its environment.
Source: Boundless. “The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).” Boundless Psychology. Boundless, 14 Nov. 2014. Retrieved 18 Nov. 2014 from https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/the-brain-and-behavior-4/the-nervous-system-34/the-peripheral-nervous-system-pns-148-12683/
7. Explain how the nervous system communicates and controls an organism= The nervous system allows for sensing, response, and control. Response by the nervous system is accomplished by motor control. Environmental (internal or external to the body) messages (stimuli) are received, transmitted, and interpreted by the functional unit of the nervous system the neuron. Appropriate responses are carried out by effectors (a muscle or gland). (http://www.e-missions.net/cybersurgeons/?/nerv_teacher/)
8. Describe the array of potential pathogens humans are exposed to every day= There are thousands of pathogens people face everyday but just some of them are cigarettes, bloodborne, etc.
9. Describe how an organism is able to defend itself from pathogenic organisms or other pathogenic material= The ability of a multicellular organism to defend itself against invasion by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) depends on its ability to mount immune responses. All metazoans (probably) have inborn defense mechanisms that constitute innate immunity. Vertebrates have not only innate immunity but also are able to mount defense mechanisms that constitute adaptive immunity. This table gives some of the distinguishing features of each type of immunity. (http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Innate.html)
10. Identify and describe the components of a healthy diet.
A.) Eat right which means eating all of your amino acids carbs, meat, vegatables, fruit and dairy products
B.) Exercise often
C.) Avoid fast food restaurants
D.) Have a positive attitude overall it will make you a happier and healthy person
11. Trace the path that food travels from the mouth to the bloodstream. Identify key places where nutrients are extracted http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_animdig_graphik_5.png
12. Explain the general steps/process of cellular respiration = 1: Glycolysis ("splitting of sugar"): This step happens in the cytoplasm.
One Glucose (C6H12O6) is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Results in the production of 2 ATPs for every glucose. (page 113 of your book goes into painful detail about this process, but all YOU need to know is that glucose is split into to 2 molecules of pyruvate!)
2: Transition Reaction: Pyruvic Acid is shuttled into the mitochondria, where it is converyed to a molecule called Acetyl CoA for further breakdown.
3: The Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, the liquid-y part of the mitochondria.
In the presence of Oxygen gas (O2), all the hydrogens (H2) are stripped off the Acetyl CoA, two by two, to extract the electrons for making ATP, until there are no hydrogens left - and all that is left of the sugar is CO2 - a waste product - and H2O (exhale). The Krebs cycle results in the production of only ~4 ATPs, but produces a lot of NADH, which will go on to the next step... Hans Krebs won the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his discovery of the Citric Acid Cycle.
4: The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis ("the big ATP payoff"). Occurs in the christae of the mirochondria, the folded membranes inside the chloroplast.
Electrons from Hydrogen are carried by NADH and passed down an electron transport chain to result in the production of ATP. Results in the production of ~32 ATPs for every glucose. Peter Mitchell won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for his work on energy production in mitochondria, called the Chemiosmotic Theory. (http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch7respirationnotes.html)
One Glucose (C6H12O6) is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Results in the production of 2 ATPs for every glucose. (page 113 of your book goes into painful detail about this process, but all YOU need to know is that glucose is split into to 2 molecules of pyruvate!)
2: Transition Reaction: Pyruvic Acid is shuttled into the mitochondria, where it is converyed to a molecule called Acetyl CoA for further breakdown.
3: The Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, the liquid-y part of the mitochondria.
In the presence of Oxygen gas (O2), all the hydrogens (H2) are stripped off the Acetyl CoA, two by two, to extract the electrons for making ATP, until there are no hydrogens left - and all that is left of the sugar is CO2 - a waste product - and H2O (exhale). The Krebs cycle results in the production of only ~4 ATPs, but produces a lot of NADH, which will go on to the next step... Hans Krebs won the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his discovery of the Citric Acid Cycle.
4: The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis ("the big ATP payoff"). Occurs in the christae of the mirochondria, the folded membranes inside the chloroplast.
Electrons from Hydrogen are carried by NADH and passed down an electron transport chain to result in the production of ATP. Results in the production of ~32 ATPs for every glucose. Peter Mitchell won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for his work on energy production in mitochondria, called the Chemiosmotic Theory. (http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch7respirationnotes.html)
5 Plot objectives
1. Crow. They eat large numbers of pesky insects and rodents, and control populations of other animals as well. Just as important is their ability to "clean up" dead animals, especially roadkills. Without this service, we would be facing more problems related to dead creatures, such as spread of bacteria and disease. (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Corvus-brachyrhynchos-001.jpg)
2. Worm (http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bWVUBQUpQ1s/TrhK4oVrR6I/AAAAAAAABrI/psGGrsTqZaQ/s1600/worm.jpg)
Digestive system= The digestive system is partitioned into many regions, each with a certain function. The digestive system consists of the pharynx, the esophagus, the crop, the intestine and the gizzard. Food such as soil enters the earthworm’s mouth where it is swallowed by the pharynx. Then the soil passes through the esophagus, which has calciferous glands that release calcium carbonate to rid the earthworm’s body of excess calcium. After it passes through the esophagus, the food moves into the crop where it is stored and then eventually moves into the gizzard. The gizzard uses stones that the earthworm eats to grind the food completely. The food moves into the intestines as gland cells in the intestine release fluids to aid in the digestive process. The intestinal wall contains blood vessels where the digested food is absorbed and transported to the rest of the body. (http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~rlenet/Earthworms.html)
3. Caterpillar (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Forest_Tent_Caterpillar.jpg)
Circulatory system= The caterpillar has an open circulatory system. Blood flows from the hearts through the tissues and picks up the carbon dioxide inside the body. The carbon dioxide is deposited in the tracheoles and exchanged with the oxygen that enters the body through the spiracles. (http://intro.bio.umb.edu/112s99Lect/bodyplans/moth.html)
4. Robin (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Turdus-migratorius-002.jpg)
Circulatory System= Birds have very efficient cardiovascular systems that permit them to meet the metabolic demands of flight (and running, swimming, or diving). The cardiovascular system not only delivers oxygen to body cells (and removes metabolic wastes) but also plays an important role in maintaining a bird's body temperature.The avian circulatory system consists of a heart plus vessels that transport:
nutrients
oxygen and carbon dioxide
waste products
hormones
heat
Birds, like mammals, have a 4-chambered heart (2 atria & 2 ventricles), with complete separation of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. Because the left ventricle must generate greater pressure to pump blood throughout the body (in contrast to the right ventricle that pumps blood to the lungs), the walls of the left ventricle are much thicker & more muscular. Which are extremely alike with humans (http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdcirculatory.html)
nutrients
oxygen and carbon dioxide
waste products
hormones
heat
Birds, like mammals, have a 4-chambered heart (2 atria & 2 ventricles), with complete separation of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. Because the left ventricle must generate greater pressure to pump blood throughout the body (in contrast to the right ventricle that pumps blood to the lungs), the walls of the left ventricle are much thicker & more muscular. Which are extremely alike with humans (http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdcirculatory.html)
5. Blue Jay (http://irvingparkgardenclub.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/blue-jay1.jpg)
Respiratory System= Birds do not have a diaphragm; instead, air is moved in and out of the respiratory system through pressure changes in the air sacs. Muscles in the chest cause the sternum to be pushed outward. This creates a negative pressure in the air sacs, causing air to enter the respiratory system. Expiration is not passive, but requires certain muscles to contract to increase the pressure on the air sacs and push the air out. Because the sternum must move during respiration, it is essential that it is allowed to move freely when a bird is being restrained. Holding a bird "too tight" can easily cause the bird to suffocate. http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=15+1829&aid=2721
Pig Dissection Lab
Here are pictures of the pig we dissected during lab we started out with opening the throat and working our way down the chest and opening the rib cage and taking out everything inside the pig measuring it and weighing it. Also unraveled the small intestine and it measured out to about 10 feet which was pretty cool!
A video based on animal behaviors and the similar ways they are to humans in regards to being raised by their parents, playing around as youngins, and most importantly survival